psychology :: essays research papers

Psychology – study of behavior and the mind Dualism - the mind is spiritual and the body is physical and they are connected the mind can’t be studied Introspection – Wundt Observers report their reactions TO light, colors, and time perception Psychoanalysis – Freud’s theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume the importance of the unconscious process. Behaviorism – scientific study of observable behavior Cognition – the mental process thinking, knowing, and remembering. Basic research – research that tests theories. Applied research – research to solve practical human problems Theory – describes predicts and explains a phenomenon. Hypothesis – testable prediction, usually derived from theory Laboratory research – in regulated environment and everything can be observed Field research – in the real world Self-report – asking people about their own thoughts and feelings Behavioral observation – a form of research based on firsthand observation of a subject’s behavior. Archival research – research that relies on preexisting records Statistics – math used to analyze research data Case studies – research that involves in depth personal observations Surveys – research method that interviews or questions large groups of people Epidemiology – study of distribution of an illness in a population Random sample – a method of selection in which everyone has an equal chance of being chosen Naturalistic observation – observation of behavior as it occurs naturally in real-world settings. Correlation – a statistical measure of the extent to which two variables are associated Scatterplot – a graph which has dots for X and Y and reveals direction and strength of their correlation. Experiment – research in which an investigator changes and keeps constant the variables on randomly assigned subjects. Independent variable – any variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment Dependant variable – a variable that is being measured in an experiment Experimental group – the group that is exposed to the independent variable Control group – the group that isn’t exposed to the independent variable Random assignment – random assignments to an experiment Replication – the process of repeating an experiment to see if the results are reliable enough to be duplicated. Generalizability – the extent to which a finding relates to, such as a certain population. Meta-analysis – statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies. Deception – misleading subjects to the true purpose of a study. Informed consent – ethical requirement if one wants to participate in a study (of ones own free will) Evolutionary psychology – principles of evolution to understand human social behavior Behavioral genetics – genes and their affect on behavior

Cultural Brokers in Colonial America

During the settlement of North America there were many people who crossed cultural borders becoming cultural brokers. Three such people were Isabel Montour, Samson Occom and Susannah Johnson. These three possessed strong language skills or the ability to learn new languages quickly, this was perhaps the most important skill needed to cross cultural borders and communicate with â€Å"outsiders. † Another necessary skill was a complete understanding of their culture and the cultures of other groups. This skill was used to convey traditional customs, political protocol, and to avoid any misunderstandings between the people of the each culture.The cultural broker would also have an agreeable disposition. Likeability and the ability to get along well with most people would be an asset in a cultural broker. Intelligence and diplomacy were also attributes necessary for the success of a cultural broker. I believe the cultural broker would have to be able to take rejection because of t he possibility of those in their culture ostracizing them for their association with the â€Å"other† culture. A combination of these skills would allow a person to move easily from one culture to another and sometimes have a foot in both at the same time.Isabel Montour was born in Canada to a French father and Abenaki mother. She was about ten years of age when warriors of the Five Nations of Indians raided her village during war with the Canadians and took her captive. The Iroquois Indians adopted her and she was raised as one of their children. Upon maturity she married an Oneida war captain named Carondawana. In 1711, New York Governor Robert Hunter enlisted Madame Montour’s assistance regarding negotiations with the Iroquois. Governor Hunter would make her a central figure in Indian negotiations in New York. He considered her to be one of his â€Å"most trusted advisers. Her duties included acting as interpreter at conferences, and helping to write speeches to be delivered. Another aspect of her work involved relaying messages and explaining the expectations and mannerisms of the Indians to the colonists. Through her work she aided the colonists’ in their quest to understand the culture of the Iroquois. She had great knowledge of the customs, ideas and the language of the Iroquois. Her ability to fluently speak English, French, Oneida, Mohawk, Delaware, and possibly Huron and Miami along with her many relatives located throughout Canada and the Great Lakes region identified er as a person â€Å"in the know† about the issues facing both cultures for the majority of her life. She was â€Å"trustworthy, and unafraid to tell the truth†. In the 1720s her family moved to Pennsylvania’s Susquehanna River Valley to live in an Indian community. Here she also served as interpreter for the colonists’ in negotiations with the Iroquois. As in New York she was known for her knowledge and often asked for her advice regar ding Indians affairs. In 1729, while on his way home from war with the Catawba Indians, her husband, Carondawana was killed.After his death she focused her attention on teaching her son Andrew the skills necessary to be a successful diplomat and cultural broker. Madame Montour had no real memory of her birth culture. Because of her mixed heritage she could blend in with many cultures by emphasizing or de-emphasizing certain aspects of her background. Madame Montour moved easily between the cultures of the Indians and the colonists. She was very adaptable. This was probably derived from her early capture and assimilation into the Iroquois culture.Despite having family among Iroquois and supporters among the white settlers at times it seems she did not quite belong to any specific group. Even after being adopted by the Iroquois they still referred to her as the French woman who was married to an Indian. It seems Madame Montour was a woman of many cultures but also a woman with no true culture of her own maybe that is why she was successful as a cultural broker. Madame Montour both gained and lost by crossing cultures. She gained the respect of government officials in the colonies beginning with Governor Hunter of New York.Her work as an interpreter and assistance in the understanding of the Iroquois provided financial resources for her and her family. She also gained a well-deserved reputation as an important person who was well versed in the manners, customs, and languages of the Indians. Due to her own cultural brokerage she trained her son Andrew Montour to be a cultural broker providing him with a career. Madame Montour also lost as a result of her cultural brokerage. Her mixed heritage set her apart and her association with the colonists caused ill will among some of the Natives.Although she was respected among the colonists and Indians alike, this did not necessarily â€Å"translate into acceptance† among either group. After the death of her husband even the Oneida community â€Å"began to marginalize her family† and she moved around frequently alone or with her son. She received little â€Å"in the way of reward from the white colonial or Indian societies whom she served†. Madame Montour was used by both the colonists and the Indians. The colonists respected her and actively sought the knowledge she held regarding the Indians but as soon as she was no longer needed she was cast aside and forgotten until they needed her again.An Oneida headman Shickellamy used Madame Montour’s contacts and influences to grow his status as a representative of the Iroquois Confederacy. Then he and a Seneca headman accused her of being untruthful and ended her public career. â€Å"She never again appeared at a conference in any recognized capacity. † Madame Montour used her fluency of language; her family connections and knowledge of Native customs to help the colonists’ come to understand the Natives. Like Mada me Montour, Samson Occom was a cultural broker but he used a different path to achieve his brokerage.Samson Occom was Mohegan by birth. During the â€Å"Great Awakening† he converted to Christianity. Tutored by Reverend Eleazar Wheelock he learned to read and write in English. Additionally, he learned Latin, Greek, some Hebrew, Oneida, and Mohawk. Occom became an ordained minister. He used the path of â€Å"Reformed Protestantism, namely, Congregationalism and Presbyterianism† to cross cultural borders. He built a two story frame house in Mohegan where his family lived for twenty-five years. To his people and the English the house represented his moving from his birth culture to the English culture.Wheelock asked Occom to travel to Britain to raise funds for Dartmouth College which he said would be used to educate Native youth. In Britain Occom was somewhat of a celebrity and preached to the people there and in Scotland. Upon his return to North America Occom learned W heelock had deceived him regarding Dartmouth College. The target students were to be young English men. Occom had made the trip to Britain because he believed Native youth would make up the majority of the students. Occom never traveled to Dartmouth College and severed his ties with Wheelock.After a period of depression Occom gained a â€Å"renewed sense of self-worth† as a sermon he had delivered was published as a temperance tract. While in Britain Occom had collected hymnals and in 1772 he published a book of his favorite hymns. Later his knowledge of English law and his recordkeeping would enable the Mohegan to retain land in the community he started called Brothertown. When Occom died Mohegan, Iroquois, and Algonquian Indians attended his funeral which was preached by an Englishman/American and was held in Brothertown.The many different cultures present reflected his experience as a cultural broker but the place his funeral was held said even more: â€Å"Samson Occom ha d come home. † Occom adjusted well to the English culture in the beginning. It could be said he even preferred the English culture over his own. But Occom never forgot about his people as to do so would have been irresponsible. Occom was well received in Britain where he was considered â€Å"a unique attraction. † In Scotland he was a living example of the success of their â€Å"commitment to education and conversion† important because they funded Wheelock’s ventures.Occom became less enchanted by the Europeans when he discovered Wheelock had deceived him about Dartmouth College. He decided that his faith was the only good thing to be taken from the English culture and severed ties with Wheelock and the English culture. This was a reverse of his early years when he had offended the Oneida by telling them to â€Å"to grow their hair long as the English do and not to wear wampum or other such things† which suggested he agreed with the concept of confo rmity. Occom gained the ability to read and write by crossing cultural borders.Additionally he gained his lifelong faith in God through Protestant Religion. He became an ordained minister and used his preaching to help his culture. Occom learned the English laws regarding property ownership which eventually led to his people keeping the lands among the Oneida. He gained recognition through publication of one of his sermons and his popular book of hymns. In contrast he lost a part of his own culture for a brief time at the beginning of his association with the English. His knowledge of the English ways also â€Å"created a bone of contention with the splintered loyalties of the Mohegan tribe. Occom sacrificed time away from his wife due to his service to the English and Wheelock. Eventually the English culture lost appeal to Occom due to their abuse of his trust and confrontations of â€Å"English antagonism. † Occom was used by several people. The Boston Board used him to pr ove a Native could be used as an educator and cheap labor at the same time. Wheelock used him to obtain funds to create Dartmouth College and to prove his ability to convert and educate the Native people showing he was worthy of the donations he had received.Even though he eventually withdrew from the English culture Samson Occom achieved many things during his time as a cultural broker just as those before and after him. Roughly the same time as Occom was using his religious faith to cross cultures another person, Susannah Johnson, was pursuing cultural brokerage through another path. Susannah Johnson was a cultural broker. Her ability to adapt to any environment and â€Å"attract and remember the kindness of others† was the main path of her brokerage. Susannah’s empathy for those in her culture and other cultures helped her cross cultural borders.Through the telling of her and her family’s trials as captives of the Abenaki Indians she helped challenge many ide as about the Indians that were not always true. Susannah was born on the Massachusetts frontier to Moses and Susannah Willard. She married and her husband and family lived on the New Hampshire frontier in Charlestown. On August 30, 1752, a group of Abenaki Indians raided their house and took her captive along with her husband, their three children, her sister, kinsman Ebenezer Farnsworth and a friend Peter Labarree.She was pregnant at the time and on the second day of their captivity she went in to labor and delivered a baby girl she named Captive. Susannah considered the Abenaki to be â€Å"by no means void of compassion† as they helped her to deliver, clothed the baby and provided shelter for mother and baby. Additionally the Abenaki built a litter to carry Susannah and baby Captive but the other captives tired after a couple of miles and she was offered a horse to ride which she accepted for fear of being left behind in the wilderness with a newborn. Susannah spoke of how the Abenaki showed mercy to her family and the other captives.Susannah also spoke of the Abenaki modesty. Upon being sold to Governor Ange Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis Duquesne, in Montreal Captive became ill and Susannah allowed her to be baptized a Roman Catholic and named the governor as her godfather. As Susannah was a Puritan this was a huge leap into another culture. Her husband James raised the money for his release and was allowed to return to New Hampshire to obtain the money to pay the ransom for Susannah and their children. Due to Massachusetts preparing to expeditions against Acadia and Fort St. Frederic James was not allowed to return to Canada.When James did not return to Montreal Susannah and her two youngest daughters and her sister were cast out of Canadian society and made a living as seamstresses. When he finally returned to Montreal due to the escalation of war, James was considered a parole violator and posed a risk to military intelligence. Later, Susannah, James and the two youngest daughters were sent to Quebec to a criminal prison where conditions were poor and disease rampant. Intendant Francois Bigot used his influence to allow the Johnsons to be moved to a civilian prison where conditions were more comfortable.There the family had a garden and Susannah was allowed to travel to town weekly to buy necessary goods. While in prison she gave birth to a stillborn son and learned her father had been killed by the Abenaki during another raid. Her baby girl Captive spoke only French and Susannah learned enough to understand her daughter. The Johnsons were given permission to go home via England but at the last minute they said her husband James could not go but she and all but her son still with the Abenaki and her daughter in Montreal went on the boat alone.She arrived home after being gone for three years three months and eleven days. † James having been released arrived home about the same time. Susannah’s son Sylvanus was redeemed from the Abenaki but could only speak their language and broken French. Her oldest daughter finally arrived home after six years in Montreal. Susannah’s family had become a â€Å"mixture of nations. † In later years she loved telling about her adventures which she saw as â€Å"an instructive tale of suffering and redemption. † She always credited the Abenaki with kindness. Susannah had some difficulty adjusting to life with the Abenaki.She was not very good at canoe making and agreed with their adoptive sister’s occasional complaints that she was â€Å"a no good squaw. † Susannah adapted better to life in Canada in Governor Duquesne’s house. She met many other captives there and found the people kind and she was treated like a daughter. Even after being cast out of Canadian society she survived by working as a seamstress. She never did adapt to the criminal prison but in the civilian prison she made do with the little she had. Duri ng weekly outings she met other captives and had conversations with them.During her captivity Susannah met many people who were kind to her and her family. She never forgot that kindness and persevered until she was once again home. As a cultural broker Susannah gained knowledge of Native culture and personal insight into their lives. She became aware the Natives were capable of kindness and were a good moral people. She always believed the Abenaki were nicer to her family than the English would have been to a Native family had the situation been reversed. She found their community very favorable. Susannah further related surprise that the Abenaki adopted her as a sister and treated her as one of their own.Although Susannah gained as a cultural broker she also experienced loss. She had a stillborn son and lost a son to the Abenaki. She later regained this son but he always considered himself an Abenaki. The six years her oldest daughter spent in Montreal were lost to her. One positi ve loss she experienced was her loss of fear over time. Susannah was used by the Indians as trade to the Canadians. She was also used by the Canadians as a prisoner to be bargained for political reasons. The three biographies relate much about intertribal relations and interaction between the Europeans and Natives. Inter-tribal relations were not always positive.The tribes were many times split between loyalties to different cultures. They often looked upon cultural brokers as outsiders or a kind of traitor. There were also good things about tribal relations shown by Occom who never forgot his people. He became a cultural broker more for the benefit of his people than himself. The Indians were usually loyal to one another and treated most captives as family members. The interaction between English and Natives was usually strained. Neither group knew what to expect from the other or understood the other culture. The English were far worse in their treatment of the Natives.They were g enerally unfair and untruthful. They used the Natives far more than the reverse. They considered them backward and perceived them as stereotypical savages. When captured Susannah was surprised to be treated as well as she was for she knew the English would treat their captives far worse. Madame Montour, Samson Occom, and Susannah Johnson were all successful cultural brokers. Cultural brokers played a large role in the colonization of the United States. Although they used different methods to cross cultural borders the intent was universal. They strived to bring understanding to both their culture and the culture of the English.

”Ernie Breaks” by Genevieve Scott Essay

The short story †Ernie Breaks† by Genevieve Scott is about ten year old Cara, who lives with her mother and her older brother, Jed. The main themes in the short story are responsibility and expectations. It can be elaborated to what you have to do, so you can live up to challenges you are approaching, and to succeed something that you are contemplate responsible for. Sometimes you cannot determine the expectations people have for you, or the responsibility is just too big for your shoulders. Another perspective is other people can also set question marks about the expectations they have for you, or sometimes your effort is just not enough to fulfill other people’s expectations. Shortly to sum up the themes, the story reflects a regular problem concerning too high expectations and responsibility for young people. At the end of every school semester their mother always buys them a passing present. The two siblings want a puppy, but their mother says it requires too much time. Instead, they got a turtle to share. The turtle is named Ernie. The theme and the central ideas are mostly told through the narrator, Cara. She is a young and precarious girl who lives with her mother and brother. She is not very intelligent, for example line 85-87 â€Å"I don’t understand why we have to learn about broken numbers. If something is broken, it’s wrecked and useless anyway. If it’s not your fault that it’s broken, you usually don’t need to care about it† This quote can be referred to the whole story, especially the last sentence when she kills the turtle. The expectations and responsibility for Cara is visible, because she is meant to take care of Ernie, but accidentally kills him by dropping him on the floor. Even though she kills him, Cara did not say a word to her mother, therefore the mother believes she has accomplished her responsibility for Ernie. It is easier for Cara to not tell the truth then admitting she failed her mother’s expectations. In addition to the quote’s last sentence, she says herself that if it’s not your fault that it’s broken, you usually don’t need to care  about it. In this case, it is her fault that â€Å"it’s† broken, consequently she should take care of it. She contradicts her self by not telling the truth. Cara’s relationship to her brother is like every other sibling relationship. They are not nice to each other, but at the end of the day, they have each other’s back. Jed is the one who get to keep Ernie in his room, but they shared playing with him fifty-fifty. Since they both are allowed to play with him, the responsibility is also equally shared. In the text Jed acts tough in front of his friend, Toby by ignoring his little sister. For instance in the text line 116-120 â€Å"I look at Ernie’s tiny, twitching legs and I feel like I’m going to be sick. â€Å"Don’t do it, Jed!† I say, â€Å"You’ll hurt him† Jed looks up at me, hair hanging over his eyes. â€Å"Private property† He says. â€Å"You’re being mean,† I say. â€Å"Don’t be so gay† Toby says. â€Å"Turtles don’t feel anything. They have shells† This quote shows that she wants to get his attention, and feels sad because he does not listen to her. A typical older brother, who tries to be cool and act tough in front of his friends. Jed also fails the expectations his mother have for him because he played with Ernie’s little life in a short string. The symbols in the text are clearly more or less. Firstly, the turtle symbolizes responsibility the two siblings need to take care of. The mother trusts them by giving them a pet, so they can share about the responsibility, but unfortunately ruins it. They do not tell her anything that has been going on while the mother is away. This shows the lack of responsibility of Cara and Jed. Another symbol can be Quit4Life, an organization that helps people stop smoking. Their mother is attending to their â€Å"get together†, but secretly she still smokes. That means she is lying to Quit4Life and the same is her children, when Ernie dies. That cannot be a coincidence. It is all about social heritage. The way their mother is in the society will eventually reflect on her children. She is their everyday role model. They look up to her, and since she is lying to other people, why shouldn’t the children lie.

French Culture and Its Influence on Multinational Enterprises

Abstract When conducting business in France there are many challenges to overcome, including the ethnocentrism of their cultural heritage and the long line of historical principles that play out in French society. Through research it was found that the French approach business in a style of-their-own with true class and flare. They set the stage with an extravagant business lunch, in order to get acquainted and then proceed into intellectual negotiations to iron out the details. In each area, it was found that the French are proud and hold true to protocols by exchanging formal greetings. Lunch plays an important part of their society and business, along with stimulating conversation in negotiations. One must plan ahead and enjoy the French experience! French Culture and its Influence on Multinational Enterprises The Business Lunch Negotiations Conclusion The French are very aware of their presence, and are extremely proud of their heritage. They boast of their long history and their important roles in world affairs, as well as being known as a world center for culture. There are a few significant principles by which the French approach a business lunch and negotiations, along with a myriad nuances that can be difficult to understand without having experienced them first hand. The most basic rules are to speak French or apologize for not speaking it well, be prepared to indulge in good food and good wine. After coffee is served, be prepared for a sophisticated, rhetorical and intellectual exchange during the negotiation process. Remember, before conducting business in France, it is highly advisable to do your homework and learn about French culture before one commits the famous â€Å"Faux Pau†! References Business in America (1991). Tradition plays an important role in the business culture of France. Retrieved July 10, 2009, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1052/is_n9_v112/ai_10737696/? tag=content;col1 Frank, Sergey (2000, September 12). Enjoy a battle of wits – and lunch: When doing business in France, take a polite and intellectual approach – preferably in French, says Sergey Frank: [London edition].

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Management - Essay Example From this research it is clear that business enterprises are driven by profit motives. Maximum profit is achieved through minimization of costs of operation and maximization of consumer utility in order to trigger high sales that in return provide high revenues. Marketing is an integral factor in that pursuit. Strategies to ensure optimal marketing must be pursued in line with adoption of relevant and functional marketing plans. Marketing plans are therefore relevant, because they key determinants of an enterprise’s success or failure in its line of business. Marketing plan is an outline of activities that marketing managers use in their marketing endeavors in a bid to place products and services at the best point of sale. The primary objective of the plan is to capture as much market share as possible in regard to specific products and services that a business enterprise deals with. Ideally, marketing plan diversely considers the entire production process to determine what pr oduct or service attributes constitutes consumer tastes and preferences. The success of products and services is highly dependent on the marketing plan adopted by the managers. Effective and efficient use of marketing plans is essential in aiding success of products and services in the market setting. Specifically, McDonalds is an example of successful employment of marketing plans. Serving numerous countries, the fast food restaurants have captured a significant international market share. Failure on the other hand emerges when the marketing plans employed fail to meet their sole purpose. In other words, marketing plan integration into the activities, operation and performance of a business enterprise constitutes such failure. Effective and efficient coordination of marketing activities prior to those that makes up the plan result to failure of a given product or service in the market setting. Toyota at some point had to withdraw some of its cars from the market due to performance failure, emerging from activities within the firm (Bangs, 2010). Although marketing plans had been conducted in both domestic and international markets, some of its brands performed poorly. Analysis Business enterprises in their line of business have desired expectations. The outcome however may or may not be the desired one. However, operations and performance of an enterprise can influence the actual outcome prior to what is expected. It is important to point out that there is no single business that gets operational with a motive to make losses and therefore fail. Business enterprises are profit driven, with high expectations of success. Marketing plans as already identified greatly influence success or failure of an enterprise. Considering the two companies above, both had their marketing managers lay an outline of operational functions that would ensure maximum benefit from each of the company’s operations (Jackson, 2008). However, market responses are not certain, and t herefore the turn of events may not necessarily be as forecasted by the each company. A movie that failed: Watchmen Set for admiration and success, an unexpected outcome was failure (Baumard & William, 2005). Demand forecasts are critically fundamental for movies. It is important that all activities

Important Values in an Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Important Values in an Organization - Assignment Example It also gears to respect the dignity of fellow employees and all citizens (FPDW, 2012). Another core value is striving for excellence in every activity by the department. The department values team effort and professionalism in providing effective safety services. Another value is the provision of customer service at a high level always. The department strives to work with the community and other departments so as to provide a high level of service to businesses, residents and visitors. The final core value is that the department seeks a high level of moral and ethical conduct in its services (FPDW, 2012). The mission of Bristol CT Police department is to serve and protect the community with professionalism and integrity by enforcing federal, state and local laws in addition to encouraging community involvement in its day to day activity (BPDW, 2012). There are several core values embraced by the department. They include quality of service. The department strives to provide a high level of excellence and improve its services. Another value is respect. The department treats everyone with respect in every interaction. Teamwork is another value. The department sustains an environment where there is respect for the individual opinion while still allowing consensus in arriving at a common goal. Creativity is another value embraced by the department. The department encourages risk-taking so as to try out new approaches and ideas which might help improve service delivery. Accountability is another value in which the department takes ownership in everything they do. Leadership is another value embraced by the department. The department seeks to inspire the community to achieve its goals by leading by example (BPDW, 2012). The above values are important in guiding and shaping an organization. Respect leads to positive esteem feeling for persons in and out of the organization. Respect is of fundamental importance to people within an organization such as police departments.  

Developing a Public Relations Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developing a Public Relations Plan - Essay Example The American Red Cross is the US affiliate to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The organization does not have business profits as its motive of operation. On the other hand, the mission of American Red Cross is to help and save the people of the society by providing them shelter, food, education and basic amenities of life during the conditions of emergency. The purpose of the American Red Cross is to lend a helping hand as life support to the destitute and people affected because of disasters. The disasters may be natural as well as man-made. American Red Cross serves the noble cause of supporting the section of the society who are helpless and are in need of basic amenities for existence. Facts and rationale: the event that created negative publicity The American Red Cross elected its seventh CEO, Gail. J. McGovern amidst scandals involving their former CEO in 2007. Post-election of the seventh president, the American Red Cross lay off around one thousand employe es from its operational work force. The job cuts imposed by the senior management was brought about in order to restore a balance in the financial condition of the non-profit organization in a situation of crunch in the fund raising activities. The squeeze in the donation receipt in the denominations of the dollar as sources of funds for the organization led to the job cuts of around one thousand workers. ... The public relation between the organization and the society is extremely important for carrying out their welfare activities. Thus negative publicity due to this event laid to the public relations crisis. Goals of campaign: rationale behind choosing these goals The goals of the campaign are to reduce the caused damages due to the occurrence of public relations crisis. The specific goals include sustaining the public image of the organization that has developed over the years, maintain the confidence level of the public on the operations of the organization and also maintain a continuous flow of donations to the organization as a major source of fund for its operations. The reason behind choosing these goals is to maintain a healthy public relation with the society which is the key to effective operations of the organization. The organization provides relief, shelter, food, education and other basic amenities of life to the helpless people of the society and to the victims of disaste rs. These are funded majorly from the donations of the public. The organization conducts fund raising campaign in order to raise money from the people. Thus, healthy public relations are required to be maintained by the organization with the people of the society. In order to restrict the damage due to the situation of public relations crisis from the job cuts imposed, these goals have been chosen as a part of the damage control campaign. Steps to achieve the goals The steps to be taken in order to achieve the goals are to be designed in a calculated manner. A crisis communication plan needs to be set up by the organization. As a part of the crisis communication plan, the content of communication with the public needs to be prepared