Race, ethnicity, gender identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Race, ethnicity, gender identity - Essay Example large number of Asian and Hispanic immigrants migrating to the American sub continent, which is perceived as an alternative avenue of economic attainment, has led to an emergence of an ethnic economy. Besides, the availability of cheap labor and better knowhow at substantially lower prices has led the companies to hire people from every corner of the world. Also the jobs that were initially considered as a â€Å"man’s domain† no longer exist. Companies today do not shy away from hiring the fairer sex in areas where men were given more prudence, as talent is what counts in this fast paced world. The gender gap too has narrowed leading to a culturally diverse work environment. However, this has brought along with it several far reaching repercussions. In a bid to hire cheap and efficient labor several companies today, are increasingly hiring people from all corners of the world, sometimes replacing foreigners in place of the indigenous workforce. This, in turn has led to discrimination on various grounds including gender, ethnicity and race. In spite of the fact that the work environment is increasingly becoming culturally diverse, many organizations still look for the heterosexual male worker usually belonging to the culturally dominant group, as an able candidate for the job. The rest of the work force, who do not conform to the said definition, are subjected to discrimination on various grounds, including age (senior citizens), gender, race, ethnicity, sexual preference, as well as physical disability. In the United States and several other developed countries, there exists widespread discrimination against women especially of the African American descent. They are often subjected to restricted occupations and their occupational mobility is seldom high as regards their positions or levels in the organization. This could be attributed to the popular perceptions about their competence, among their white counterparts, which apparently isn’t too encouraging.

Women in Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Women in Greek Mythology Essay A myth is a legendary traditional story, usually concerning a hero or an event, and typically involving supernatural beings and events. Informally, the term is also used to describe false stories, due to the usual lack of determinable basis or fact in most myths, but the academic use of the word has nothing to do with truth or falsity. Myths are stories woven from the need of having models for behavior. They are sacred stories revolving around sacred events and sacred characters idealized perfectly to be the suitable role-models in the eyes of the society from which they spring, which makes myths a valuable resource for explaining how the human race came to what it is today. Ancient Greek society had very specific gender roles, where men were expected to be controlling and domineering, and women passive and obedient. It was believed that if women were busy in their domestic homes, then they will not turn to their evil nature in which men of that time strongly believed in. â€Å"From her is descended a great pain to mortal men† (Leftowitz and Fant, p25). In Homer’s Odyssey, one of the oldest and most fundamental works of literature to western canon, the importance of women in the poem’s plot lies in their roles as seductresses. When Odysseus crew arrives on Circes island, they are attracted to Circes house because of the alluring voice of the beautiful but monstrous goddess. Homer describes her as singing in a sweet voice, as she fared to and fro before the great web imperishable, such as is the handiwork of goddesses, fine of woof and full of grace and splendor. (Homer, 850 BC) But evil seductresses was not the only portrait of women offered by Greek Mythology. Penelope, the wife of the main character in the Odyssey, Odysseus, is a prime example of what an ideal wife was in Ancient Greek society. She has only one son by Odysseus, born just before Odysseus was called to fight in the Trojan War. Penelope remained faithful to Odysseus for 20 years as he was away fighting, doing all she can to curb the unwanted attention of many suitors and their requests for her hand. She has devised many plans to delay an answer, one of which was pretending to weave a burial shroud for Odysseus’ old father, and promising to choose which to marry of her suitors when she finishes it. Every night for three years she undid a part of the shroud until her trick was exposed. She is a symbol of fidelity in marriage, even though she begins to get restless and ambivalent, due mainly to Athena’s encouragement, after 20 years of waiting. As Irene De Jong comments: â€Å"As so often, it is Athena who takes the initiative in giving the story a new direction Usually the motives of mortal and god coincide, here they do not: Athena wants Penelope to fan the Suitors desire for her and (thereby) make her more esteemed by her husband and son; Penelope has no real motive . . . she simply feels an unprecedented impulse to meet the men she so loathes adding that she might take this opportunity to talk to Telemachus (which she will indeed do)† (De Jong, p.44) But as Odysseus comes back disguised as a beggar, Penelope vows to marry whoever can string Odysseus Bow and shoot an arrow, which leads to Odysseus and Penelope reuniting together. Penelope’s story shows what Greek men expected from women, undying fidelity and a good, sharp and reliable mind. And albeit the fact that Penelope starts longing to show off for her suitors and eventually agrees to marry whoever strings her former husband’s bow, she is still shown in a good light in Greek myth. On a high contrast to the passive Penelope is Medusa, the gorgon female monster, who is well known for hair of snakes and her horrifying glare that turned onlookers to stone. She was born an exceptional beauty, the jealous aspiration of many suitors, with her hair being her best feature, but after she was ravished in Athena’s temple, the goddess was so enraged she punished her by turning her hair into snakes and whoever looked at her into stone. She was later killed by the hero Perseus, who beheaded her and used her head as a weapon, then gave it up for Athens. Medusa has become a symbol of feminine rage, she was punished for being a victim of rape, while the man escaped with no consequence, and she had spread terror and fright as her revenge for the unfairness of the world, and later is beheaded, and her murderer is labeled a hero, giving her head to the goddess who had started it all with her curse. Interestingly enough, her name means the protector, or the guardian. The most interesting Greek mythical woman in my opinion is Pandora, the beginning of it all. Her name means â€Å"The giver of all†. She was Zeus punishment to mankind after Prometheus stole the secret of fire, the symbol of education. Zeus ordered her to be mould out of the earth, and he and all the other gods joined in offering this â€Å"beautiful evil† all manners of seductive gifts. It is said that she had opened a jar, known in modern days as Pandora’s Box, out of curiosity, and unintentionally released all the evils of mankind, disasters and illnesses and malaises, leaving only hope inside after she hastened to close it. The curious part is how women were viewed not just as a punishment, but a punishment for man’s attempts to broaden his mind and satiate his curiosity, and how the evils of mankind all came to be, not as a result of malice or malevolence, but that same innocent curiosity, which is one of the natural attributes of the human race. It appears as though the Greek did not approve of snooping around, especially of women, which brings to mind the modern stereotype of nosey idle housewives. Her other name is Anesidora, which means â€Å"She who sends up gifts†, implying her lower status as a female. In conclusion, while myths might not describe real events, they are nonetheless one of the most valuable tools to understanding human nature and ideals, they are fantasies that man had created and they reflect his thoughts and theories and explanations and hopes and ideals. Women had took up major roles in the Greek mythical world, as villains and victims, but rarely as heroines, which shows that the society at the time and place of the creation of those legends was dominantly ruled by men, with women staying to their homes and looking after their families. These gender stereotypes have continued for many years after the downfall of the Greek Empire, and are still popular throughout the world even today. References Bulfinch, T. , and Goodrich, N. (1995). Bulfinchs mythology: The age of fable. Plume. De Jong, I. (2001). A Narratological commentary on the odyssey. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved Dec 6, 2009 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Penelope Definition of Myth. Dictionary. com unabridged. Retrieved (2009, December 6) from http:// dictionary. reference. com/browse/myth Gender in Odyssey. Bookrag. Retrieved Dec 6, 2009 from http://www. bookrags. com/ essay- 2005/11/23/13450/292 Graf, F. , and Marier, Thomas. (1996). Greek mythology. Johns Hopkins Univ Pr. Hesiod, Schlegel, C. , and Weinfield. (2006). Theogony and works and days. University of Michigan Pr. Homer (fl. 850 B. C. ). The Odyssey. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14.. Bartleby. Retrieved Dec 6, 2009 from http://www. bartleby. com/22/10. html Homer, Fagles, R. , and Knox, B. (1998). The Iliad. Penguin Classics. Katz, M. (1991). Penelopes renown: Meaning and indeterminacy in the odyssey. Princeton University Press. Lefkowitz, M. R. , and Fant, M. B. (2005). Men’s Opinion. Women’s life in Greek and Rome. USA: The John Hopkins University Press. Pandora, by Jules Joseph Lefebvre(1836–1911), Oil on Canvas.

Justice in Platos Republic and Hobbes Leviathan Essay -- Politics Phi

One of the main concepts in both Plato's Republic and Hobbes' Leviathan is justice. For Plato, the goal of his Republic is to discover what justice is and to demonstrate that it is better than injustice. Plato does this by explaining justice in two different ways: through a city or polis and through an individual human beings soul. He uses justice in a city to reveal justice in an individual. For Hobbes, the term justice is used to explain the relationship between morality and self-interest. Hobbes explains justice in relation to obligations and self-preservation. This essay will analyze justice specifically in relation to the statement ? The fool hath said in his heart, there is no such thing as justice? Looking at Hobbes? reply to the fool will demonstrate that his main goal was to declare what people ought to do when interacting with others and what can be expected in return for that behaviour. By analyzing the Republic, it will be shown that Plato would most likely differ w ith the statement made by the fool because the main of premise the book in itself is to discover the definition of justice. To understand Hobbes? reply to the fool, one must first define justice according to Hobbes. He believes that justice is men performing their covenants made and the constant will of giving every man his own. A covenant is a part of a contract, or ?mutual transferring of right, in which at least one of the parties ?is to perform in time to come?. Hobbes maintains that it is never against reason to complete a covenant when man has the security that others will also perform covenants made with him. However, the problem that arises from forming covenants is that just because people enter into a covenant to perform some actio... ...ing so he also showed that there is such a thing a justice within a city as well as in an individual. Thus, Plato?s reply to the fool would be that indeed there is such a thing as justice. And justice is good because it benefits in this life as well as the next. Therefore, even though a man may wish to behave unjustly when he can, as with the myth of the ring of Gyges, behaving justly will have the most rewards. Both Plato and Hobbes present different views of justice in reply to the fool. Plato, claiming one should be just because it is good in itself, where as Hobbes claims being just is good for the pursuit of self-interest or preservation. Despite the difference of opinion on justice between the two philosophers, it is clear that the fool?s statement has been refuted. For there is such a thing as justice despite the differences in how the term is defined.

Analysis Of Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston English Literature Essay

All through literature and narratives, words and characters will ever stand for different significances and symbols. Readers will go on to venture deeper and deeper into the significances of the words a author puts on paper. The author of the narrative may non even have a deeper significance to the authorship but we as worlds have a demand to research. The short narrative known as â€Å" Sweat † by Zora Neale Hurston may besides be one of those types of narratives. The short English literature narrative â€Å" Sweat, † written by Zora Neale Hurston, shows Sykes as the hubby of the taking character Delia in the narrative. During the narrative it seems as though Sykes gets easy upset and angered at his married woman Delia.A A Sykes takes his defeat out on Delia all throughout the narrative by aching her physically, rip offing with another adult female, and badgering her with one of her biggest fears, which are snakes.A A Even though Sykes ‘ behaviour should non be a ccepted or followed, he perchance could demo marks of a mental job that is non to the full addressed or delve into during the narrative. Sykes may besides experience threatened because Delia is the exclusive supplier of the house. He wants to experience as if he still has the â€Å" adult male † power and control over the matrimony. More frequently than one time he tries to take Delia and do her feel lesser to him as he feels it should be. A During this clip many adult females may hold backed down after being yelled at or threatened by their hubbies but Delia did non back down nevertheless. She took a base against Sykes by stating to him, † Mah bath of lather is filled yo ‘ belly with vittles more than yo ‘ custodies is filled it.A A Mah perspiration is done paid for this house and Ah reckon Ah kin maintain on sweatin ‘ in it † ( Hurston 408 ) . In the narrative the reader can about state and experience that Sykes besides does non desire to be reminded that he was unsuccessful in doing a complete household or the fact that he has failed to take attention and supply for his household. Betty Nosam writes in the book, â€Å" Perspiration, Looking for a Man`s topographic point † , â€Å" In Sweat, the hubby named Sykes is often exposed to his allow down and failures to supply for his household, his married woman by her repeating negotiations of ‘her ‘ passenger car, pony, o ther physical points † ( Nosam 66 ) .A Hollering, shouting and shouting all seem to neglect, which will do Sykes experience the demand to fall back to other agencies of doing Delia listen, violence.A A All Through the narrative Sykes will be endangering Delia and informing her that he will hit her physically in one manner or another. Writer of the book, A organizing a Straight clout with a curving fist, Loren Bruckheimer, will explicate how, â€Å" Zora Neale Hurston uses descriptions of the whip to suggest a people of manfulness expressed in an over powering nature and deeply seeded in cultural dictatorship † ( Bruckheimer 44 ) .A A This would connote that Sykes hits Delia merely because the lone manner of manfulness that he has known is the sort that the white townsmen seem to portray.A A During the times when white males beat African Americans, the white males would hold complete control and would look better. This in return would do the black work forces want the exact same feeling of power and entire control, so they demanded regard, power and authorization within their ain houses.A A In society the black work forces would be rejected regard which in return would do them demand it more and more in their places to reassure themselves of their control, domination, power and most of all manhood.A A A A A A A A A A A A A Over clip though, like anything that sub comes to suppression over a period, the adult females and married womans would get down to allow their voices be heard back to their hubbies, like Delia started making to her hubby Sykes, which would take to enormously surprised ideas and inquiries by their hubbies. The work forces at first would believe that because that because they were aching and conveying force toward their adult females or married womans, the adult females should conceal, cower and be wholly loyal to them at all times.A A Debbie C. Hallace goes on to state in her bookA Forming our ain Thoughts, â€Å" It shall be that motion of verbal communicating that ‘talking back, ‘ will be no mere signal of hollow letters and characters that is the visual aspect of our association from thing to publish † ( Hallace 11 ) . Delia cognizing her importance and existent power in the relationship needed to allow Sykes understand how much in world he truly needed and survived on her. So in return she took a base and allow her sentiments fly in response to the menaces and response`s Sykes let out. A A A A A A A A A A A A Later on in the narrative Sykes will develop a relationship or better yet a kept woman who is called Bertha who he will lavish with gifts and nowadayss alternatively of his ain married woman. One would believe that by holding another relationship it would do him experience manlier because he sees himself as more desirable and wanted if he has two adult females around him. Sykes will get down to take Bertha out on the town and lavish her with everything she asks. Sykes will state her, â€Å" Everything b'longs tuh me an ‘ you sho families have it.A A You kin git anything you wants.A A Dis is mah town an ‘ you sho ‘ families have it † ( Hurston 411 ) . By supplying for Bertha and giving her every privation and desire that she requires, it will in return make Sykes feel like a adult male and in control once more. A A A A A A A A A A A A Sykes will experience like he has gained most of his power back when he does something unexpected to Delia. He will travel approximately by utilizing her biggest concern and fright against her, inside their ain house. As we are told earlier in the narrative, Delia is a really strong adult female but like most anyone, has a fright of something and that fright is of serpents. Sykes will utilize that fright against his ain married woman in full caput on force. He will continue to convey a serpent into their place inside of coop to utilize against Delia to presumptively set her dorsum in line as a house married woman. Moments after Delia has seen the serpent a fire that has been easy firing within her will turn a small more and Delia will state to Sykes, â€Å" Sykes, Ah wants you tuh take digital audiotapes snake ‘way fum heah.A A Ah put up widcher, you done crush me an Ah took digital audiotape, but you done kilt all mah interiors bringin ‘ dat verm in heah † ( Hurston 413 ) .A A By conveying this serpent into the house Delia has felt the ultimate treachery and hatred that Sykes must hold for her. Delia feels that Sykes has now sunk to low and will get down to alter indoors, non merely her feelings about Sykes but her feelings as woman.A A Sykes being the manner he is has a casual attitude and will state Delia, â€Å" A whole batch Ad keer 'bout how you feels indoors uh out. Dat snake aint goin no darn wheah boulder clay Ah gits ready fuh ‘im tuh go.A A So fur as beatin ‘ is concerned, yuh aint took near all digital audiotape you gointer take ef yuh stay ‘roun me † ( 413 ) .A A This will about immediately allow the reader know that Sykes will travel to any lengths or steps to acquire Delia out of the house. This will do the reader admiration if Sykes has realized he will no longer hold the domination or control he one time had over Delia and has wholly lost his power as a adult male over her. In Return, one would presume that his kept woman Bertha would continue to travel into the place with Sykes so he may one time once more relive and recover his sense of manfulness.A A A A A A A A A A A AIn the terminal Sykes will carry through his mission of frightening Delia to the nucleus when she is making her wash merely to vilify that the serpent is in the basket with the wash. Bruckheimer explains in her Hagiographas that, â€Å" The hubby Sykes fruitfully frightens Delia, aˆÂ ¦his beginning of manfulness is finally negative and lifelessly for him † ( 102 ) . Sykes will finally happen that he has gotten the upper manus and it is merely a affair of clip before he can get down over with Bertha and recover his lost control over a family. In the terminal of class, his program will return to stalk him and blowback. Sykes will return to his place one eventide without any marks of Delia and finally be bitten by the serpent and Sykes will decease. Readers will about immediately feel that Sykes got what he deserved after this event and they have good ground for this. Sykes treated Delia incorrect for many old ages and she put up his mistreatment and maltreatment, even though after he does she does experience a sense of commiseration for him. Believing Sykes got what he deserved makes the reader think that his decease was the moral of the narrative but, Betty Nosam says â€Å" a individual ought to incorporate sympathy after a male, whose whole life signifier is formed by the way in which he is meant to provide for a household, is non capable to d raw together the demands of their household, the general populace, and most significantly what he wants out of himself † ( 56 ) .A A A A A A A A A A A A A † Perspiration † showed that it was non merely a narrative about a individual harming his married woman to derive power and normal stableness in his place, but a relation of a battle about a individual, a adult male, to hold his ain rightful topographic point in an mean, normal society at the clip. In a unfavorable judgment article written by Stephanie Calcker, â€Å" Zora Neale Hurston had the belief that the resist with racial favoritism is sufficient for inkinesss powers to the idea that the concluding and last object wanted by black work forces at that clip was to set below and deeper down by the black adult females † ( Calcker 201 ) .A So in decision one can see that Hurston non merely wanted us to see battles in African American adult females ‘s lives but besides in work forces ‘s by demoing us that society as ever has outlooks. Sykes was turned by the society of his clip so he felt unacceptable and non in his right mentality or proper topographic point during that clip. So it is safe to presume that Sykes along with many other African American work forces were trapped by the societal outlooks of what they should be in that clip period and had to come to their ain realisation of it.A

Ncm 104 Lecture Notes

NCM 104 DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS I. REVIEW OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKIN – also known as the integument which means covering – largest organ system – barrier between external and internal environment FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN 1) Protection – protects from trauma (Mechanical, Radiation, Thermal) – thickened skin on palms and soles provides additional covering against trauma r/t constant use – Intact skin – primary defense (prevents invasion of microorganisms) – secretions(from sebaceous gland) are oily and slightly acidic (prevents/limits the mult. of mcgs) 2) Maintenance of Homeostasis prevents excessive loss of water and electrolytes 3) Thermoregulation – affected by: > production of perspiration (dehydration fever) > activity > constriction (v dissipation of heat) and dilation of blood vessels > external BT -body’s core temperature 4) Reception of stimuli – area in the brain – SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX â₠¬â€œ abundance of free nerve endings and receptors * NOCICEPTOR – pain * END-ORGAN OF RUFFINI/PACINIAN CORPUSCLE – pressure * MECHANORECEPTOR – machanical * MEISSNER’S CORPUCLES (MERKEL DISCS/CELLS) – touch 5) Synthesis of vitamin D – helps the uptake of Ca2+ and PO4 in intracellular level with the aid of sunlight activates Vitamin D to D3 (Cholecalciferol) 6) Immunity/processing of antigenic substances – immunologically mediated defenses against microorganisms Ex. Langerhans cells Keratinocytes 7) Provide an outward appearance or cosmetic adornment – acceptance of the appearance of the skin, hair, or nail is critical to psychosocial being 8) Excretion – skin has a vital role in elimination of Na+ and H2O for homeostasis (maintaining balance in the internal environment) STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN LAYERS OF THE SKIN 1) EPIDERMIS – avascular in nature – Thickness: 0. 04 mm (eyelids- thinnest) to 1. mm (palms and soles- thickest) 4 Cell types of the Epidermis a) Keratinocytes – 95% – Produces Keratin – insoluble protein – helps create a waterproof barrier – function in immunity – control water loss b) Melanocytes – located at the base of the epidermis – Produces Melanin – responsible for skin color and absorption of UV light – the darker you are, the more protection against cancer – acts as an umbrella covering that shields DNA from UV c) Merkel’s cell – It is located at the basal layer of the epidermis but can usually be located only with the use of an electron microscope – one of the receptors scarcely located in the palms, soles, oral and genital epithelium d) Langerhan’s cell – play a role in cell-mediated immune responses in coordination with T cell – originates in the bone marrow and migrates into the epidermis Layers of the Epidermis a) Stratum Germinativum/Basale â⠂¬â€œ innermost – cells are columnar in shape – where melanin is found in greatest amount – lies close to the dermis layer – cells at the basale layer receives nutrition from the dermis via diffusion and undergo mitosis every 19 days and older cells are pushed upward undergoing changes in shape and chemical composition through a process known as keratinization ) Stratum Spinosum – cells are irregularly-shaped known as prickle cells (have sharp cytoplasmic projection at the covering) c) Stratum Granulosum – cells are nucleated granular cells which contain keratohyalin granules (contain lipids with desmosomal connections which helps to form waterproof barrier) water loss from the body *not responsible for water loss in the pores d) Stratum Lucidum – thin transparent layer Skin moisture-can only be seen in thick skin like the palms and soles immunity e) Stratum Corneum – composed of dead keratinized cells (contain keratin -acidic in nature) – serves as a durable overcoat of the body DESQUAMATION – natural process of breaking apart of dead skin cells; for every 35-35 days, an individual will have a new epidermal skin Epidermal Appendages a) Eccrine glands – sweat-producing gland – thermoregulation – can be found throughout the skin but with some exemptions – numerous on palms, soles, axilla and forehead – not found in: Vermillion border(junction of the pink area of lips surrounding skin) Lips, Ears, Nailbeds, Glans penis,Labia minora b) Apocrine glands – function is not clearly known – abundant in the axilla, breast, areola, anoogenital area, ear canal, and eyelids c) Sebaceous glands release of sebum (has lubricating and bactericidal effect) – can be found all throughout the skin except on the palms, soles, and axilla d) Hair – a non-viable protein end-product – found in all skin surfaces except palms and soles e) Nails †“ horny scales of the epidermis 2) DERMIS – a dense-layer of tissue beneath the epidermis – gives the skin most of its substances and structures – 1—4 mm (thickest dermis is found in the back) – has characteristics for: ->WOUND HEALING: because it contains fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes -> MAINTENANCE OF EQUILIBRIUM: because it contains lymphatic, vascular, and nerve supply Layers of the Dermis a) Papillary Layer -upper dermal region with finger-like projections -contains: >papillary loops (provide nutrients to the epidermis) >Pain receptors b) Reticular Layer – deepest skin layer – contains BV, sweat glands, and deep pressure receptor (Pacinian corpuscles) – abundant phagocytes are located – as one ages, depleted collagen and elastic fibers -collagen for TOUGHNESS OF EPIDERMIS – Elastic fiber for SKIN ELASTICITY 3) SUBCUTANEOUS FAT/ HYPODERMIS – AKA adipose layer – Functions: * S ource of energy * Hormone metabolism * Insulation from extreme hot and cold Cushion to trauma -specialized layer of connective tissue -absent in the: eyelids, scrotum, areola, tibia ASSESSMENT OF CLIENTS WITH INTEGUMENTARY DISORDERS A) SUBECTIVE DATA HISTORY TAKING – assess for pre-existing factors 1) Chief complaint (if Derma conditions already exists) – Assessment on itchiness, dryness, rashes, lesions, ecchymosis, lumps & mass – Changes in skin, hair, and nails – Onset of the condition – Other accompanying symptoms with known cause (pain, fever, swelling, redness) – Alleviating factor such as cold weather 2) Past Health History – Hx of previous derma disease Previous trauma and symptoms; interventions – Other systemic illnesses relevant to the skin such as immunologic, endocrine, vascular, renal, or hepatic conditions – Age of onset – Particular season/month of the year – Treatment done – Immuniza tion status – Recent exposure to insects/childhood diseases 3) Known exposure to communicable disease (school, neighbourhood) 4) Travel to foreign countries/places – possible environmental factors that the patient is exposed to Ex. Poison ivy 5) Medications currently being taken/ has recently finished – Photosensitivity drugs- causes sunburn-like rashes in areas of exposureEx. Phenothiazides Tetracyclines Diuretics Sulfonamides – topical preparations containing derivatives of ingredients which are known as sensitizing Ex. Neomycin Ethylaminobenzoate/ benzocaine Diphenhydramine HCl 6) Occupation and recreational activities – exposure to irritants and chemicals either in the home or environment Ex. Prolonged exposure to the sun Unusual cold exposure 7) Allergies – medications or foods – assess if after ingestion, complains of itchiness, burning, or eruption of rashes – substances that cause local, skin irritations/lesions with di rect contact Ex. Textile, Metal (Ni), Wool Allergic reaction could trigger skin discoloration & eruption of rashes, skin irritation *oral corticosteroids which may cause Acne breakouts, Thinning of the skin, Stretch marks, and Other systemic manifestations if this is used at high dose or routinely 8) Family health history – Family lifestyle and living environment – Genetically transmitted Derma conditions such as: * Alopecia * Psoriasis * Atopic dermatitis – Systemic diseases with derma manifestations such as: * DM * LE * Blood dyscrasia 9) Habits (the patient as an individual) – hygiene practices – products/cosmetics use – changes in clothing or bedding diet (sufficient intake of nutrients like H2O, vitamins and dietary fats) -Exercise -Sleep patterns which affect circulation, nourishment, and repair of the skin B) OBECTIVE DATA – appraise the entire skin surface on head-to-toe including oral mucosa – appraise thoroughly †“ use INSPECTION, PALPATION, OLFACTION PHYSICAL APPRAISAL 1) Color – areas of irregular pigmentation (hypo/hyperpigmentation) – Paleness/pallor – Cyanosis – Jaundice – Assess sclera for a very dark person 2) Texture – palpation (stroke the patient with the fingertips lightly to assess texture) – NORMAL: Smooth, Soft, Resilient, No areas of lumps, No unusual hickening/thinning 3) Moisture – hydration level of the skin for both wetness(Fluidity) and oiliness(Sebum) – assess INTERTRIGINOUS AREAS (parts which have skin-to-skin contact like axilla & groin) – NORMAL: Well-hydrated but not excessively moist 4) Temperature – use the dorsum of the hand – compare hypothermia/hyperthermia with the area on the opposite side – NORMAL: uniformly warm 5) Turgor – skin’s elasticity – the time it takes for the skin and underlying tissue to return to its original contour after being pinch ed up (usually on the abdominal area) -older individuals: v skin turgor – NORMAL: 3 sec ) Odor – NORMAL: free from pungent odors – usually present in the axilla, skin folds, open wounds related to presence of bacteria in the skin 7) Presence and characteristics of Lesions MANIFESTATIONS OF SKIN DISORDERS 1) LESIONS PRIMARY LESIONS– first lesions to appear on the skin and has a recognizable structure in response to some changes in the external and internal environment A. Erythema – redness and inflammation (skin/mucous membrane) – result of dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries – Ex. Nervous blush, Sunburn B. Macule – unelevated change in color – flat – 1mm-1cm – circumscribed Ex. Freckles, measles, petechiae, flat moles PATCHES – larger than 1 cm and may have irregular shape – Portwine birthmarks, Vitiligo (White Patches) C. Papule – small, circumscribed, solid elevation, 1 mm-1cm – Ex. Warts, Acne, Pimple, Elevated moles D. Vesicle – circumscribed round or oval – thin translucent mass – filled with serous fluid or blood – 1mm-1cm – Ex. Herpes simplex, Early chicken pox, Small burn blisters E. Bullae – Large blisters (larger than vesicle) – Ex. 2nd degree burn, Herpes simplex (Big) F. Pustule – Vesicle or bullae filled with pus – Ex. Acne vulgaris, Impetigo G. Nodule elevated solid hard mass that extends deeper into the dermis than a papule – have a circumscribed border – 2cm – irregular border – Ex. Malignant melanoma, Hemangioma I. Wheal – reddened localize collection of edema fluid – irregular in shape – varies in size – Ex. Hives, Mosquito bites J. Plaque – raised lesion formed from merging of papules and nodules – >1cm – Ex. Psoriasis, Rubeolla K. Cyst – elevated, encapsulated, fluid-filled mass arising from SC tissues – 1cm or larger – Ex. Sebaceous cyst, Epidermoid cyst L. Comedo – accumulation of sebum and keratin within a hair follicle – occurs due to clogging 2 types: Open comedo (black head) Closed comedo (white head) M. Telangiectasia – permanent dilation of capillaries in the skin SECONDARY LESIONS – develop/occur if changes occur in the primary lesions – relate to client’s health status, environment, & status of the epidermal layer – possible causes: Scratching, Rubbing, Medications, Natural disease progression, Process of involution or Healing A. Crust (SCAB) – a rough dry area formed by the coagulation of drying plasma or exudates – could be a dried sebum, serum, blood, or pus on skin surface producing a temporary barrier to the environment – Ex. Impetigo, Eczema, Healing of burns/LesionsB. Scales – dried fragments of sloughed epidermal cells – irregular in shape an d size – colors vary from White, Tan, Yellow, to Silver -Ex. Dandruff, Dry skin, Psoriasis C. Ulcer – depressed lesion in which entire epidermis and upper layer of dermis are lost – could be due to trauma or tissue destruction – irregular in shape and exudative – Ex. Stasis ulcer D. Fissure – deep linear split through epidermis into dermis – Ex. Tinea pedis E. Scar – Mark left on skin after healing F. Hyperkeratotic Plaque (Callus/ â€Å"Kalyo†) – excessive thickness of the epidermal layer caused by chronic friction or pressure ) PRURITUS – unpleasant skin sensation that provoke the desire to scratch – Skin, Certain MM, Eyes, Perineum, Nostril, External ear canal – r/t mechanical stimulation of chemical mediator – r/t systemic disease – Chicken pox, Severe liver disease, DM , Uremia 3) PAIN – stimulation of Nociceptor 4) SWELLING – due to release of chemical mediato rs 5) REDNESS – due to hyperemia 6) SYSTEMIC ss – fever (release of pseudothermoregulators), leucocytosis (^WBC) DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 1) LAB TEST a. Tzanck smear – Named after Arnault Tzanck – Aka Chickenpox test/ Herpes skin test A microscopic assessment of fluid and cells from vesicles or bullae – Top of vesicle is cut with the use of scalpel then a smear is taken from the base of vesicle using the scalpel – Differentiates vesicular disorders – may identify a virus (-) reaction – vesicle from burns (+) H. Simplex or Acantholytic cells; varicella virus; multinucleated giant cells b. KOH test – done if the causative agent is suspected to be a fungus – the specimen (smear) is treated with 10-20% of KOH before microscopic study Normal or (-) result shows no Fungi (No dermatophytes/yeast) c. Culture – done to identify the specific microorganisms to determine specific antibiotic treatment 2) SKIN BIOPSY – ex . Dermal punch biopsy – a sample of skin tissue is removed, processed, & examined under a microscope – 4 types: 1. Excision Biopsy – entire skin area is cut 2. Punch Biopsy – a small cylinder of skin is removed 3. Shave biopsy – outermost part of a lesion is shaved off with a scalpel 4. Aspiration biopsy – indicated for fluid-filled lesion 3) WOOD’S LIGHT EXAMINATION – Skin is viewed under UV light through a special glass (Wood’s glass ) to identify superficial infections of the skin – Place the patient in a dark room before examination 4) SKIN TESTING used to identify substances causing the allergy – 3 ways: 1. Scratch test – aka Puncture/Prick test – Pricking the skin 2. Intradermal test – Similar to Tuberculin test *DURATION OF TEST FOR BOTH SCRATCH AND INTRADERMAL TEST IS 5-10 MINS OR 15 MINS 3. 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Serum sickness may involve individual organ suc h as the skin (SLE and Arthus reaction), kidneys, lungs, blood vessels and joints – reaction time: 3 to 10 hours – mediated by soluble immune complexes particularly Ig G TYPE IV (CELL-MEDIATED/ DELAYED TYPE) – ex. Mantoux test (PTB test), PPV test, tuberculin test – 48 to 72 hours (2 to 3 days) II. SKIN DISORDERS A. DERMATITIS/ECZEMA – Inflammation of the epidermal layer – Rashes are characterized by itching and redness Types: I. Contact Dermatitis – Inflammatory reaction either caused by Allergens or Irritants – utilize PATCH TEST to identify the cause – 2 TYPES BASED ON ETIOLOGY: Irritant Contact Dermatitis – Most common – There is no allergic reaction but there is inflammation that occurs because of either a PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL IRRITANTS – Manifestations: > Lesions appear sooner > Appear on exposed areas – Ex. Mechanical (glass fiber, wool) Chemical (cleaning compounds, perfume) Physical ( clothing, stuff toy) * Allergic Contact Dermatitis – A Delayed type (TYPE 4) of hypersensitivity rxn from contact with allergens – Immune-mediated response by previously sensitized Lymphocytes to specific antigen (allergen) – Ex. Drugs (Penicillin, Sulfonylamides) Metals (Nickel)Spandex Rubber Bra – MANAGEMENT OF CONTACT DERMATITIS: 1. Topical corticosteroids – use BID for 2 weeks – causes thinning of the skin 2. Oral Antibiotics – if lesions develop into 2’ lesion or if 2’ infection sets in 3. Oral Antihistamines, Topical Antipruritic agents, Colloid oatmeal baths – to control itching – NURSING INTERVENTIONS 1. Avoiding irritants and sensitizing substances 2. Wear appropriate clothing 3. Wear gloves 4. Use mild soap products II. Atopic Dermatitis – Genetically-based skin disorder that is both chronic and relapsing ( bec. it involves type 1 rxn) – Strongly linked with asthma and hay fever Most common in children Immunologic irregularity (Cytokines and inflammatory mediators) v Vasoconstriction of Superficial vessel v vProtective barrier function of the skin – FOCUS OF NURSING CARE in managing atopic dermatitis is geared toward addressing the social and emotional disturbances and sleep pattern disturbance – EXACERBATING FACTORS: * Change in temperature COLD – Dry skin HOT – Vasodilation > Inflammation> Itching & Redness * Other irritants * Physiologic Stress – direct stress to the area * Exercise – loss of H2O > Dryness – MANAGEMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS (SYMPTOMATIC ONLY; NO CURE): 1. Hydrating the Skin Cornerstone of management – Apply moisturizer 3-4x a day to reestablish hydration of the S. corneum 2. Corticosteroid a. Systemic b. Topical * – Educate on: * Proper Application (Only apply to area being affected) * Duration of Use (BID X 2 weeks) * Side effects: Thinning of the skin Jeopardizing the immune sys tem – Application of WET WRAPPINGS – To enhance absorption and – Helps decrease pruritus 3. Protopic ointment (tacrolimus); pimecrolimus (Elidel) – IMMUNOMODULATORS (block T cell activation) – Indication: Moderate to Severe atopic dermatitis – Side effects: Itching, Burning, Irritation for few days Avoid sunlight/ artificial sunlight for prolonged periods (photosensitivity rxn) 4. Antihistamines – for itchiness 5. Antibiotic – if secondary infection sets in III. Seborrheic Dermatitis – Eczematous eruptions typically occur in hairy areas – Sebaceous gland in which there is an increase amount and alteration in the quality of sebum/serum – Usually occurs on Scalp, Eyebrow, Central chest, Face, Genital skin fold – PREDISPOSING FACTORS: 1. Family history of skin diseases 2. Winter months – symptoms usually worsen (drying effect) 3. Over growth of yeast organisms ( secondary to fungal infection) Inf lammatory changes Around sebaceous glands and hair follicles) v Red, greasy scales (Characteristic symptom > scale) – MANAGEMENT: 1. Mild – Tar, Selenium, Zinc, or Ketoconazole shampoo preparations > Have antibacterial effect on the normal flora found at the hair follicles 2. Chronic – Topical corticosteroids > To flatten thick, scaly plaques (SCALP) – Low potency topical steroids/ topical antifungal agents (FACIAL) IV. Stasis Dermatitis – Eczematous eruption common in lower extremities occurring in older persons – PREDISPOSING FACTORS: 1. Varicosities (venous insufficiency) 2. Poor circulation vVenous return (From legs) Substances remain in the tissues v Irritation, brawny colored skin associated with edema v Itching (May or May not occur) v Scratches v Break in the epidermis (Stasis ulcer) v 2’ infection – MANAGEMENT (prevention of predisposing factors): 1. Treatment of peripheral vascular conditions 2. Prevent constriction o f the circulation 3. Treat lower extremity edema * Elevate lower extremity (CI: Cardio/Pulmonary problems) * Compression stockings * Unna boots (bandage application on the lower extremities) 4. Topical corticosteroids – To address itching and scratches V. Lichen Simplex Chronicus Usually occurs in the Wrist, Ankles, and Back of the skull (Easily reached) – A localized, well-circumscribed eczematous eruption caused by repeated rubbing and scratching – Aka ITCH-SCRATCH CYCLE – PREDISPOSING FACTOR: Stress where scratching becomes habitual and worse at NIGHT – elephant skin B. ACNE – An inflammatory disease of sebaceous follicle marked with comedone, macules, and papules TYPES: I. Acne Vulgaris – Occurs on the Face, Neck, Upper chest, & Buttocks – Common among adolescents (80%) & may occur in adults – PREDISPOSING FACTORS: 1. Stress (activation of hormone production) 2.Heredity (familial tendency of androgen imbalance) 3. En docrine (hormonal imbalances) 4. Diet (free fatty acids) Puberty [^Androgen] (Sebaceous glands undergo enlargement) v Produce sebum v Binds with debris (Keratin, Bacteria, Cell fragments) v Plug hair follicle v Comedo (open/close) v Inflammation (Papules, Pustules, Nodules, Cyst) – MANAGEMENT: 1. Topical Benzoyl Peroxide Retinoids Retinoid-like drugs such as Adapaline, Tretinoids, Azeleic acid Antibiotics such as Clindamycin, Erythromycin, & Sulfa-based agents *Don’t self-medicate 2. Systemic Antibiotic – indicated for inflammatory acne lesionsIsotretinoin (Accutane) – vitamin A analog – Side effx: Dry lips & conjunctiva, and skin hairloss, muscle ache, photosensitivity, mood disturbance – prevents pregnancy, ^Risk of birth defects 3. Intralesional therapy – NURSING CARE: 1. Keep hands and hair away from face 2. Avoid exposure to oil and greases a. Eat well-balanced diet b. Wash face 2 or 3X a day with mild cleanser c. Use only water- based cosmetics II. Acne Rosacea – Characterized as a RED facial rash which mostly affect 30-60 y/o – It has both vascular and acne component – Chronic, localized eruption with vascular and acne characteristic – PREDISPOSITION: . Affects women more than men ( S/S is more severe in female) 2. Fair complexion individuals are more inclined 3. Familial predisposition – CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Red papules (sometimes pustules) – usually located on nose, forehead, cheeks, chin, rarely involves trunk and upper limbs 2. Blushing or flushing (â€Å"Red face†) – telangiectasia 3. Dry and flaky facial skin 4. Enlarged unshapely nose with sebaceous hyperplasia (the pores will become prominent) and rhinophyma (fibrous thickening) 5. Eye symptoms – eyelid inflammation/ conjunctivitis *Appearance of Lesion: DOME-SHAPED (no black/white heads; no deep cyst/lumps) MANAGEMENTS: 1. Antibiotics (Tetracycline) including doxycycline and minocycline – Duration : 6-12 weeks – to reduce inflammation (redness, papules, pustules and eye symptoms) 2. Topical: metronidazole/ Azeleic acid cream or lotion – applied 2x a day directly to the affected area 3. Nutraceuticals / clonidine – ? -2 recepto agonists > reduce vasodilation > vflushing/redness in the area 4. Anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac) – to reduce discomfort and redness on the affected skin – NURSING INTERVENTIONS: 1. Avoid oil-based facial creams 2. Use water-based make-up 3. Never apply a topical steroid (to the rosacea) . Protect yourself from the sun. (Use light oil-free facial sunscreens) 5. Keep your face cool: minimize your exposure to hot or spicy foods, alcohol, hot showers and baths and warm rooms. C. PSORIASIS – A genetically determined, chronic, epidermal, proliferative, not curable dse *control fast cellular proliferation – aka PAPULO-SQUAMOUS LESION > scaly in characteristic – a chronic, recurren t, erythematous inflammatory disorder involving keratin synthesis – History: 1841 – Viennese dermatologist known as Ferdinand von Hebra coined the term psoriasis from Greek word â€Å"psora† which means â€Å"to itch† – INCIDENCE:Men and women are equally affected Occurs in all ages but is less common among children and elderly Commence at early adulthood (18-24) Increased incidence among Whites Decreased among Japanese, American Indians, West African origin – exacerbated by several factors – manifestations usually appear between 15 and 35 years old – CAUSE: unknown But with high link to alteration in cyclic nucleotide and possible immunologic abnormality – CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS: 1. Immune-mediated condition – The condition is believed to be caused by faulty signals in the body’s immune system – the body tends to overreact and accelerate the growth of skin cells the T cells abnormally trigger inflamma tion in the skin (accelerates skin cells to grow faster and to pile up on the outer surface of the skin> the skin does not desquamate but piles up) *Normally, skin cells mature and sheds off every 28-30 days Cytokines (Lymphokines) v ^Platelet, Neutrophils, Basophils v Release of Histamine v Inflammation 2. Genetic – It has been appreciated by physicians that it occurs in families – high rates among monozygotic twins – known to be linked with inherited genes or other immune-mediated conditions – when both parents have psoriasis, a child may have 40% probability of developing the disease

America In The 19Th Century Essays - Labour Relations, Free Essays

America In The 19Th Century Essays - Labour Relations, Free Essays America In The 19Th Century In colonial America, most manufacturing was done by hand in the home. Some was done in workshops attached to the home. As towns grew into cities, the demand for manufactured goods increased. Some workshop owners began hiring helpers to increase production. Relations between the employer and helper were generally harmonious. They worked side by side, had the same interests and similar political views. The factory system that began around 1800 brought great changes. The employer no longer worked beside his employees. He became an executive and a merchant who rarely saw his workers. He was concerned less with their welfare than with the cost of their labor. Many workers were angry about the changes brought by the factory system. In the past, they had taken great pride in their handicraft skills; now machines did practically all the work, and they were reduced to the status of common laborers. In bad times they could lose their jobs. Then workers who would accept lower wages might replace them. To skilled craft workers, the Industrial Revolution meant degradation rather than progress. The Industrial Revolution was dawning in the United States. At Lowell, Massachusetts, the construction of many mills and factories began in the early 1800s. Factory owners were in desperate need of workers, and as most jobs in these factories required neither great strength nor special skills. In turn the owners thought women could do the work as well as or better than men. In addition, they were more compliant. The New England region was home to many young, single farm girls who might be recruited. The only thing that hindered many from working was the belief that sooner or later factory workers would be exploited and would sink into hopeless poverty. Economic laws would force them to work harder and harder for less and less pay. Factory workers were able to persuade the women to work by building decent houses for them to live and adult supervision to look after them. They were encouraged to go to church, to read, to write and to attend lectures. They saved part of their earnings to help their families at home or to use when thy got married. Faced with growing competition, factory owners began to decrease wages in order to lower the cost-and the price-of finished products. They increased the number of machines that each girl had to operate. In addition, they began to overcrowd the houses in which the girls lived. All of this to save as much money as they could. This caused many to leave and others to hold protests or strikes. As the factory system grew, many workers began to form labor unions to protect their interests. Labors tactics in those early times were simple. Members of a union would agree on the wages they thought were fair. They pledged to stop working for employers who would not pay that amount. They also sought to compel employers to hire only union members. In the next few decades, unions campaigned for a 10-hour long working day and against child labor. Meanwhile trade unions were joining together in cities to form federations. A number of skilled trades organized national unions to try to improve their wages and working conditions. The efforts brought about many strikes and protests. It was a fact; things were changing in America. Some people liked it and others felt they were going to be thrown out and de-skilled. Unions and protests proved to be successful in many cases but nothing could change the fact that this nation was involving to one large factory.

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Public duty and grief - Research Paper Example In certain circumstances, doctors often voluntarily helps or assists nurses or other healthcare staff that may result in the occurrence of certain inappropriate consultation or treatment. In such instances, the action of doctors does not make hospital authorities liable instead doctors themselves are answerable for such losses or negligence. Except the above stated scenario, the hospital authority or the employer has the responsibility to answer for any possible mal-practice of its staff, nurses or the doctors. Furthermore, it has been ascertained that in many cases a doctor or nurse who are linked with any kind of medical mal-practice, are retained by hospitals despite their negligence in the past. In this context, any further mal-practice of these nurse and doctors will leave the hospital authority (employer) responsible or answerable for that particular misconduct under a particular law theory called â€Å"respondeat superior" which means that ‘let the master answer’ . Hence, it is the prime responsibility of the hospital authorities to keep watch on the action of doctors or any other healthcare staff in order to ensure well being of the common public as well as omit any possibility of professional negligence (FindLaw, 2013; Judson & Harrison, 2010). I have bitter experience regarding grievance in my life. I have lost one of my closest friends just because of the negligence of hospital authority. It was quite a difficult for me to pull myself out of that particular scenario. Initially, when I heard this lethal news that my friend was no more, my heart was denying the fact that I actually loss him. I could not believe that a small accident would cost me to loss him forever. However, when I came to know that his death was not due to the accident causalities, I suddenly become quite shocked. Later on I found that his death was owing to the negligence of the hospital authority. Indeed, it made me furious and I tried to consolidate

Nurses Role in the Field of Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nurses Role in the Field of Health Care - Essay Example Professional nurses require a legal system that regulates their professional and or ethical activity. In addition, there are professional bodies that are responsible for admitting different professionals into the mainstream practice after training and certification. Nursing regulatory bodies admit these professionals into the profession after assessing and evaluating their suitability to become professional nurses. Professional nursing and Nursing stereotypes A professional nurse should embrace patients as well as the loved ones/caretakers in good faith. They should not only be willing but love their work to succeed in caring for patients. Services to patients should be put first before any other thing, financial interest included. In addition, nurses need to be presentable at all times (Allen, 2001). The appearance of a nurse should always be pleasant to everyone as this will be interpretive of the quality of service he offers. Nursing has been invariantly labeled as a career for th e feminine. The public views this profession as a reserve for the female gender and should not be ventured into by the males. In fact, some of the male nurses have been labeled as pansy and their sexual orientation questioned. Moreover, nurses are also viewed as subservient compared to the medical professionals and often seen as sub-standard workers to the physicians and effeminate type casting on the male nurses. Plainly speaking, nursing is not entirely a feminine affair. Both males and females have the capability to pursue this career as a choice. Secondly, nursing complements other healthcare skills and not necessarily subservient to them. Without nursing, the role and successes of the medical doctors are largely limited and may hardly operate. It is important to note that the disciplines in the medical loci are intertwined in terms of roles and none is subservient to the other. Role of Nurses Unknown To the Public A nurse acts as the patient’s advocate. For instance, a n urse will always support the needs of a patient first. The public is usually unaware of this role of nurses. Secondly, unaware to the public, nurses are involved in the spiritual wellbeing of the patient. It is quite essential that patients are counseled and guided spiritually according to their beliefs; such acts would include bible discussion and spiritual uplifting through prayers and meditation, depending on the beliefs of the patient in question. Among nursing theorist that are real role models to current and aspiring nurses is Dorothea Orem. This assertion is due to fact that many nurses always embrace her theory of â€Å"self-care being a basic human requirement.† Orea asserts that people are distinct individuals and should be primarily responsible for their own care before eventually â€Å"devolving† care to other members of the society (Gordon, 2005). Nurses and Medical Doctors At personal levels, many nurses do not confide to the opinion that nursing as a car eer merely involves following up instructions from doctors. Instead they implement the instructions given to them by doctors. This function they do not do blindly but in line with their professional skills and trainings. They are not being ordered on what to do; rather, they already have the knowledge of everything required of them (Larrabbee, 2009). Nurses are also responsible of the well-being of their patients (Nettina, 2001). In fact, the recovery of patient

Public duty and grief Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public duty and grief - Research Paper Example In certain circumstances, doctors often voluntarily helps or assists nurses or other healthcare staff that may result in the occurrence of certain inappropriate consultation or treatment. In such instances, the action of doctors does not make hospital authorities liable instead doctors themselves are answerable for such losses or negligence. Except the above stated scenario, the hospital authority or the employer has the responsibility to answer for any possible mal-practice of its staff, nurses or the doctors. Furthermore, it has been ascertained that in many cases a doctor or nurse who are linked with any kind of medical mal-practice, are retained by hospitals despite their negligence in the past. In this context, any further mal-practice of these nurse and doctors will leave the hospital authority (employer) responsible or answerable for that particular misconduct under a particular law theory called â€Å"respondeat superior" which means that ‘let the master answer’ . Hence, it is the prime responsibility of the hospital authorities to keep watch on the action of doctors or any other healthcare staff in order to ensure well being of the common public as well as omit any possibility of professional negligence (FindLaw, 2013; Judson & Harrison, 2010). I have bitter experience regarding grievance in my life. I have lost one of my closest friends just because of the negligence of hospital authority. It was quite a difficult for me to pull myself out of that particular scenario. Initially, when I heard this lethal news that my friend was no more, my heart was denying the fact that I actually loss him. I could not believe that a small accident would cost me to loss him forever. However, when I came to know that his death was not due to the accident causalities, I suddenly become quite shocked. Later on I found that his death was owing to the negligence of the hospital authority. Indeed, it made me furious and I tried to consolidate

Presentation for Literature Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation for Literature Class - Essay Example I. Writing Process A. Improvements in my writing process 1. Clearer and more logical structure which makes it easier for readers to understand and grasp what I am trying to convey 2. Better and more appropriate choice of words to strengthen and emphasize points 3. More interesting introduction to capture reader’s attention 4. Improved sentence construction and structure 5. More grammatically correct and well-polished through editing and proofreading 6. Better conclusions which ties up with introduction and reiterates the important points in the essay B. Important things I have learned in class 1. Organize ideas first before writing 2. Allot time to edit and proofread work 3. Introduction should be catchy in order to capture reader’s interest 4. An individual’s writing shows what type of person he/she is 5. Knowledge can best conveyed through improvement in writing skills C. How the things I have learned in class will help me in the future 1. Enable me to express myself better 2. Boost my confidence and improve my self-image 3. Increase my chance of getting a good job and start a career

Fires Role in the Ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Fires Role in the Ecosystem Essay Scientists have studied forests and fires to determine the secret of Natures success in attaining this necessary balance. They have learned that a natural fire results from a certain fuel condition. Some forest types produce and accumulate fuels faster than others; some decompose fuels more readily than others. However, at some point in time, every forest type has fuel of the right quantity and quality for that forest to be ready to burn. In the past, forest fires would benefit the whole forest ecosystem because their frequency and intensity was determined by the systems natural readiness to burn. When there is a departure from the natural fire point, the ultimate, inevitable fire will be more severe. Fed by extraordinary amounts of fuel, a fires intensity may increase beyond the beneficial point for some parts of the ecosystem. Soils can be overheated and root systems damaged. Living tree crowns, as well as dead needles and branches, may be reduced to ashes. The Dilemma Scientists are studying things other than forests and fires things like population increases, wildlife needs, recreation needs and demands, increased hunting pressures, and a diminishing natural resource base. Obviously, all forest fires cannot be permitted to burn uncontrolled according to the whimsical dictates of lightning strikes or the carelessness of humans. Yet, in attempting to protect these forest values, the powerful role of fire has almost disappeared from the ecosystem it once shaped and created. The inevitable release of natural energy is only postponed-the probability of a devastating wildfire is increased. How, then, can the powerful force of fire be used in a way that cooperates, not conflicts, with nature? No Simple Solution Periodic natural fires prevent the heavy buildup of fuel which, when ignited, can harm our forests and ecosystems. Controlling fires in accordance with Natures scheme must be based on fuel management. There is no general prescription or formula for controlling fuels. Forested sites differ, and objectives range from essentially unmanaged wilderness to intensively managed recreation areas. However, in areas where the forest management  objectives require maintaining or reproducing forest or other natural communities natures method fire is a valuable and effective fuel management tool. Fires natural role in reducing fuels is partly replaced in timber-producing areas by the harvest and removal of wood products. However, slash, resulting from these activities, creates another fuel problem. Better use of harvested wood is one answer fire is another. Controlled burning of non useable slash further reduces the fuel load and provides nutrients for the plants and animals that inhabit the area. The technical and scientific refinement of ways to use fire as a management tool has been a major subject of forest research. Scientists are focusing on forest fuel chemistry, fire behavior, meteorology, and other fields to best determine when, where, and how excess fuels are to be burned. Only in the last century has fire in the forest been viewed as a monster. We are now beginning to realize that fire is a natural agent essential for maintaining the natural ecosystems of Florida. Fire is neither all good nor all bad. It is natural. It is powerful. In the proper places, in the right hands, at the right times, fire can be an asset and an ally. To employ fire as a useful friend is much more logical than confronting it as an enemy. Fire is a significant force in the forest environment. Depending upon specific land management objective, plus a host of environmental variables, fire will sometimes be an enemy, at times a friend, and frequently its effects will be mixed between the two extremes. To extend knowledge of fires role in Florida forests, this publication has been developed from scientific literature review and observations by experienced personnel. To be most useful, the general principles that follow must be localized to specific environments or management units in that way, in-depth knowledge of fire can be used to enhance productivity of the earths ecosystems in all their infinite variety. One great truth of this environmental age is that it is far better to complement natural systems than to manipulate them for single-purpose gain. It is through recognition of ecological interrelationships that we can best manage natural resources for the public good. Ignorance of ecological interrelationships is no excuse for land management errors. To meet future  environmental demands, land managers must build uncommon strength in all three fire activities: prevention, protection, and fire prescribed for ecological benefits. Fire management, in full partnership with other environmental factors, is necessary for quality land management. The Two Faces of Fire The Monster Uncontrolled wildfire raging through a forest can have disastrous effects. Healthy trees are reduced to blackened snags; shrubs that provided food and cover for wildfire become ashes; under the intense heat some soil nutrients are vaporized and become airborne in clouds of choking smoke. Ash falls on rooftops, window sills, and darkens clothes drying outdoors in nearby towns. Where people once enjoyed a green, scenic landscape, they see a stark, gray landscape. A forest has been grossly changed; the web of life it encompassed and nurtured has been broken. Here, fire has shown its mastery over the land and has behaved as a monster. The Friend Think about fire for a moment. If you have warmed your hands in its welcomed heat and enjoyed its friendly light, you know that all fire is not the raging holocaust. Fire, along with air, water, and earth, is a basic environmental factor. We do not judge air as bad because of periodic, destructive hurricanes. We are drawn to water rather than avoiding it despite its potential to cause devastating floods. We do not fear the earth though we know that forces beyond our control can cause it to quake and slide. Fire, no less than air and water, has been a natural directing force in human evolution and the earth we inhabit. History indicates that humans learned to use and control fire. Fire was, perhaps, our first tool. Yet today the acceptance of fire in the forest seems basically contrary to our beliefs in modern times. Perhaps we feel we have progressed beyond the need for direct dependence on this natural force. Or maybe we simply do not know and understand it any longer. Lightning In the Making Continued sunny and warm except for isolated afternoon or evening thunderstorms. Thirty percent chance of rain. This is a familiar midsummer  weather forecast in Florida. From over the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, air   masses directly affect Floridas weather. Warm air is lifted high into cool, upper air layers. The cooling of this rising air causes its moisture to condense and clouds to form. Moisture droplets form in the upper; cold parts of the clouds. When they reach a certain size, the droplets begin to fall earthward, away from the influence of the cold air back into warm, uplifting currents. The droplets may again vaporize and be lifted even higher into the upper air layers. A repeated cycle of warming, lifting, and cooling causes the buildup of tall columns of billowy clouds. The bases of the clouds may be 3,000 feet above sea level the tops of the cloud columns develop upward to levels of 60,000 feet. The Ignition Source Inside the clouds electrical charges build up and separate into positive and negative centers. The upper portion of the cloud becomes positively charged and the lower portion becomes negatively charged. The negative charge near the cloud base induces a positive charge on the ground a reversal of the fair weather pattern when the ground charge is negative. Potential gradients between positive and negative centers, with some assistance from friction caused by falling water droplets, lead to those large sparks known as lightning discharges. Cloud-to-ground lightning is usually a discharge between the negative lower portion of the cloud and the positive charge on the ground. Most thunderstorms in Florida are accompanied by rain. Lightning fires occur when the lightning bolt strikes outside the area of rainfall or it ignites dry fuels that smolder through the rain shower and begin to burn as the area dries out following the shower. Energy to Use or Burn From a distance, pines and other vegetation look fresh and green. Close inspection reveals that the greenness is a shell enveloping a core of dry needles, twigs, and branches. In the needled or leafy part of the tree, known as the crown, growth occurs at the branch tips, so the youngest, greenest parts are always around the outside edges. Here, photosynthesis occurs. Photosynthesis is the major function of every green plant. It is the process by which light energy from the sun is converted to a form of energy that can be stored and used by the plant. Generally, the conversion is to  chemical energy and involves the formation of a series of complex organic compounds. Some of the compounds impart the piney odors we enjoy in forests. What we cannot tell from their pleasant aroma is that these compounds are very flammable. Once stored, the energy can be used in different ways. For example, it can be used by the plant to produce wood or grow more needles in which more energy conversion will take place. It can be used as a source of food by animals that browse the leaves and twigs where the compounds are stored. The energy can also be used to produce seed to germinate and produce another plant. This energy storing process takes place with shrubs and grasses as well as trees; photosynthesis and the energy conversions and transfers that occur are complex, but the result is clear enough: during one growing season in one acre of forest, enough sun energy is converted and stored in plant material to equal the energy reservoir in 300 gallons of gasoline. Fire and the Forest We often regard fire as an agent of destruction, but to Nature, it is an agent of necessary change. Fire changes one form of energy to another. Green plants change light energy to chemical energy, fire changes chemical energy to heat energy. Fire breaks down complex organic molecules to smaller ones the same thing that occurs when we digest food. The protein in a piece of meat cannot be used directly by the human body to build cells and tissues. We must eat the meat before large protein molecules can be broken down to smaller amino acid molecules, recycled through our bodies, and rebuilt into human tissue. When a fire changes a log to ash, nutrients bound in chemical compounds are released and changed to a form that is more water soluble. In this soluble form, nutrients percolating into the soil are again usable in the growth of other plants. Fire also effects a more visible change. Ash and nutrients occupy less space than trees and shrubs. By creating openings in forests, fire changes space relationships. Species that remain in these openings may be fire tolerant. Other species that cannot withstand fire are eliminated. Thus, fire changes both the composition and the density of the forest. This change will remain for several years and affect the fuels available during the next burning cycle. Scientists who study plant and  animal relationships tell us that forests in this part of the country owe their existence and continued presence to a long history of periodic fires. This association of some tree and shrub species with fire is an example of adaptation. Forests in Florida have existed here for at least 12,000 years. During that time, thousands of fires occurred annually. Plant species that survived these fires did so because of special features or characteristics they possessed. Plant species lacking these features were eliminated from frequently burned areas; their distribution has been confined to areas where fires are less likely to occur, moist areas such as bays, swamps, and creek bottoms. Fires, like many natural events, are somewhat cyclic. The cycle is governed by conditions such as general climate, topography, soil type, existing vegetation, and other factors. Accordingly, the repeatability of the cycle varies. Before 1900, fire-susceptible areas probably had fires every 3 to 10 years. In areas less likely to burn, the cycle may repeat every 10 to 100 years. Cyclic, recurrent fires of the past 12,000 years were important agents of selection in determining plant species and distribution in Florida. Trees Born of Fire Special adaptive features have allowed some plants to survive naturally occurring fire. Adult southern pines have a thick bark that insulates the inner, living tissues from fires heat. Longleaf pine is so fire resistant that some trees almost always escape fires injurious effects. These trees become seed trees for the reforestation of a burned area. Sand pine exhibits yet another adaptation for coping with fire. Sand pine cones remain closed until a fires intense heat opens the cone and allows the seeds to fall out. Seeds of cone-bearing trees that persist in fire-susceptible areas sprout and grow best under conditions created by fire: soil free from litter, an increased nutrient reserve, plus open areas with plenty of sunlight. In contrast, species less adapted to fire, such as oaks, gums, cypress, and cedar do not usually reseed a burned area directly. Seedlings of these species prefer partial shade and plenty of moisture. Generally, they will reestablish only after some other type vegetation is present. The Changing Natural fires keep Floridas forests dynamic, diverse, and beautiful. Florida was named by the early explorers because of the abundance of wildflowers in  areas kept open by frequent fires. Historically, timber stands were replaced by young trees; sometimes one type of forest was replaced by another. Changes in tree cover occur together with even more encompassing changes because a forest is more than just trees. A forest displays interdependence, interrelationships, and competition among trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses, big and little animals, soils, microbes, minerals and nutrients in soils, and the air pervading and surrounding all of these. A forest is a complex life system. Each part has a place and a function in its organization an organization called the forest ecosystem. Because all parts of the system are interrelated, no one part can change without a widespread effect throughout the entire system. Forest fires affect more than trees. Fire-caused changes in ecosystems result in both stress and relief to plant and animal life both to individuals and to whole plant and animal communities. Thousands of years of natural fires achieved a dynamic balance between the stresses and relief. The fire-adapted pine forests thrived over vast areas. They provided habitat for hundreds of species of grasses and wildflowers, as well as dozens of animal species. All these species would quickly begin to decline in number and health and eventually disappear completely if fire is excluded. Fires Role in the Ecosystem A Balancing Act Scientists have studied forests and fires to determine the secret of Natures success in attaining this necessary balance. They have learned that a natural fire results from a certain fuel condition. Some forest types produce and accumulate fuels faster than others; some decompose fuels more readily than others. However, at some point in time, every forest type has fuel of the right quantity and quality for that forest to be ready to burn. In the past, forest fires would benefit the whole forest ecosystem because their frequency and intensity was determined by the systems natural readiness to burn. When there is a departure from the natural fire point, the ultimate, inevitable fire will be more severe. Fed by extraordinary amounts of fuel, a fires intensity may increase beyond the beneficial point for some parts of the ecosystem. Soils can be overheated and root systems damaged. Living tree crowns, as well as dead needles and branches, may be reduced to ashes. The Dilemma Scientists are studying things other than forests and fires things like population increases, wildlife needs, recreation needs and demands, increased hunting pressures, and a diminishing natural resource base. Obviously, all forest fires cannot be permitted to burn uncontrolled according to the whimsical dictates of lightning strikes or the carelessness of humans. Yet, in attempting to protect these forest values, the powerful role of fire has almost disappeared from the ecosystem it once shaped and created. The inevitable release of natural energy is only postponed-the probability of a devastating wildfire is increased. How, then, can the powerful force of fire be used in a way that cooperates, not conflicts, with nature? No Simple Solution Periodic natural fires prevent the heavy buildup of fuel which, when ignited, can harm our forests and ecosystems. Controlling fires in accordance with Natures scheme must be based on fuel management. There is no general prescription or formula for controlling fuels. Forested sites differ, and objectives range from essentially unmanaged wilderness to intensively managed recreation areas. However, in areas where the forest management objectives require maintaining or reproducing forest or other natural communities natures method fire is a valuable and effective fuel management tool. Fires natural role in reducing fuels is partly replaced in timber-producing areas by the harvest and removal of wood products. However, slash, resulting from these activities, creates another fuel problem. Better use of harvested wood is one answer fire is another. Controlled burning of non useable slash further reduces the fuel load and provides nutrients for the plants and animals that inhabit the area. The technical and scientific refinement of ways to use fire as a management tool has been a major subject of forest research. Scientists are focusing on forest fuel chemistry, fire behavior, meteorology, and other fields to best determine when, where, and how excess fuels are to be burned. Only in the last century has fire in the forest been viewed as a monster. We are now beginning to realize that fire is a natural agent essential for maintaining the natural ecosystems of Florida. Fire is  neither all good nor all bad. It is natural. It is powerful. In the proper places, in the right hands, at the right times, fire can be an asset and an ally. To employ fire as a useful friend is much more logical than confronting it as an enemy.

All The Pretty Horses Themes

All The Pretty Horses Themes Cormac McCarthys novel All the Pretty Horses is considered to be a national bestseller not only because it has won the National Book Award but also because the author could touch upon a number of themes which are really close to all the readers. Such themes as the themes of good and evil, and human nature are the most significant in our life. Moreover, Cormac McCarthy shows some kind of a conflict between a man and a woman, between the rich and the poor. My goal in this research paper is to analyze all the themes conveyed by the author in his novel All the Pretty Horses and to prove the fact that this novel is really the greatest American novel of 20th century . To achieve this goal, I have organized my essay into several sections, two of which have some sub-sections. In the first section of my essay, I am going to discuss the authors style of writing which impressed both the readers and the literary critics. In the second section of may paper, Id like to discuss the numerous themes using the contents of the book All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy. In conclusion of my essay, Ill summarize the main points of my paper and express my personal opinion on the issue discussed in my essay. Now Id like to turn to the first section of my paper. CORMAC MCCARTHYS STYLE OF WRITING AND ITS ROLE IN THE THEME PERCEPTION OF THE NOVEL ALL THE PRETTY HORSES Cormac McCarthys novel All the Pretty Horses, the first novel of his Border Trilogy, was published in 1992. All the readers were greatly impressed by his simple style of writing which was represented by the minimum use of punctuation, the absence of commas (in some places), dashes, semicolons, parenthesis, ellipses and quotation marks (especially in dialogues). The use of full stops is a standard use of punctuation in his novel. (Jarret) Most of the sentences are complex and long. In single sentences, the author describes numerous actions which are separated by a long chain of conjunctions. He minted a great deal of compound words which made his writing style unique. His prose represents a striking contemporary context both simple and highly accomplished. (Jarret) His style of writing is often compared with William Faulkner and Ernest Hammingways style. He became labeled writers writer. (Stephen) The author uses a lot of stylistic devises among which are various metaphors which make his speech vivid. Besides, Cormac McCarthy uses expressive imagery and different philosophical asides in order to develop the themes of his novel. (Bell) THE MULTIPLE THEMES REPRESENTED BY CORMAC MCCARTHY IN HIS NOVEL ALL THE PRETTY HORSES It is interesting to know that Cormac McCarthy is trying to convey many themes in his novel All the Pretty Horses. Id like to turn to most of them in my essay. Now some words about the main character John Grady Cole. A sixteen year old John Grady Cole lived with his grandfather on a small ranch in Texas. After his grandfathers death their ranch was signed to John Gradys mother, but she decided to sell it. The father of the young man was seriously injured in the World War II and he did not offer any help to his son John. So, the young man had no future in Texas and decided to go to Mexico. His friend Lacely Rawlins accompanied him. The Theme of Real Friendship. One of the main themes in this novel is the theme of good and evil. The main characters often run into both good and bad people. The sacred violence is shown throughout the novel. (Hall, Wallach) Of course, the best friends of them are the horses. What John Grady loved in horses was what he loved in men, the blood and the heat of the blood that ran them. (McCarthy) Lets recall the situation when John saw his horse Redbo in a stable for the first time after his jailing, Redbo whinnied and was very happy to see John again. As a matter of fact, the novel is focused on the horses. We can see how the characters of the novel catch and ride them, how they breed and rescue them. They not only talk about horses, they admire them and philosophize about them. Moreover, the horses are the main source which connects young people to nature. The horses represent a part of the beautiful landscape scenes which are described by the author in the best way. Also the horses help the main characters to escape from danger. The Theme of Inevitable Evil. The theme of inevitable evil is also shown by the author in his novel. Cormac McCarthy said that there is no such a thing as life without bloodshed and he proves this fact in his literary work. There are many examples of rage display, one of them is the following situation. John Grady and his friend Rawlings came to the La Purisima ranch. The young men were treated ill. Alejandra decided to use John as a so-called pawn in her rebellion. Rocha let the police to arrest the young men. Alfonsa fought against John Grady in order to get rid of the rage which was connected with her past. The young men could not believe that the members of two communities took concerted actions. They were thrown into the prison and blamed in committing a crime. These angry people were unjust to young men who were so innocent and could not do anything against their aggression. Rawlings decided to return home because he could not cope with injustice of human nature. John Grady tri ed to appropriate the violence which was inflicted on him and he wanted to take vengeance. He decided to return to San Angelo with two the most vital things he had his horses and his pride. (McCarthy) The Theme of Coming of Age. The other theme which is shown by the author in his novel All the Pretty Horses is the theme of coming of age. Cormac McCarthy represents the life of young people who rebelled against their family and found their love. For John Grady love is the main thing in his rite of passage. In San Angelo he was a stranger: his mother was indifferent to him, his father was a miserable ill man whose life was completely ruined. However, at the end of the story, we can see that this young man John Grady has got all the qualities to be a true hero who can easily be a good father to Jimmy Blevins, a rather dangerous boy, a passionate lover to the young girl Alejandra, a real friend to Rawlins. The most significant thing is that John Grady did not lose his faith. We can see a clever and an experienced man when he leaves San Angelo at the end of the novel. He returns to Texas a changed man but there is no home, nobody is waiting for him: his father is dead, his childhood nur se is dead too. The Theme of Competing Moral Codes. The theme of competing morals is also touched by the author in the literary work. Cormac McCarthy shows us the character of John Grady in such situations when he meets those people who are immoral. He fells his love for Alejandra in the context of right and wrong, Duena Alfonsa, Alejandras god mother, thinks quite the contrary. She wants John to leave Alejandra alone because Don Hestor will never permit her to marry a poor American young man. The captain and Emilio Perez repudiate the idea of tainted money. Moreover, they jeer the young mans opposition to pay for his way out of prison. It is clear that John Grady becomes a real hero not only due to his idealistic beliefs and his relation to life but also because he can give up his ideas in situations of restoring justice and saving life. For example, when Don Hestor asked John about his past, he did not tell him about Jimmy Blevins and the fact that he and his friend Lacey Rawlins may be on the wan ted list for the horse theft. The other situation takes place in the prison where John and Rawlins were taken. The young men are terribly beaten and John sees that Rawlins is seriously injured. John Grady kills a prisoner who attacked him and understands that the evil lives inside him too. Another situation which shows the moral codes of our characters is the last Johns meeting with Alejandra. He loved her, he wanted to be with her. However, she changed her decision and chose her family approval and life in the rich house. The Theme Of Love. Cormac McCarthy represents the theme of love through the relations of his main character John Grady Cole and a young beautiful girl Alejandra. Sometimes it seems that the author wanted to show the same story as William Shakespeare showed in his Romeo and Juliet. The young man John who was only 16 met a beautiful young girl Alejandra, the daughter of Rocha, at La Purisima hacienda where he and his friend Rawlins came to work as cowboys. The first time he saw her riding on a black Arabian horse and fell in love with her. She also fell in love with this young man. She invited him and his friend to the party where she danced with John. John found her hands tender and small and her waist nice and slight. In spite of warnings of Donna Alfonsa who protected Alejandra the young man and the young girl started to have rides at night time together, they went swimming at the lake together. They became lovers. She came to his room every night for a period of nine nights and they were happy to make love. However, then she returned to Mexico. John wanted to be with her and he went to Mexico City and found her there. However, Alejandra had changed. She said that she was afraid of her father who wanted to kill John. She decided to say no to John, and for the last time they made love in the hotel and then parted never to meet again. The Theme of Family Relations. Cormac McCarthy showed another important theme the theme of family relations by the example of John Gradys family. Such family relations affected his future and his character in a way. Johns mother left him when he was a baby. A Mexican woman took care of him and became his second mother. Johns father could not pay him attention because he was away taking part in the World War II but he taught him to love horses. Johns grandfather did not give the boy the parenting he wanted to get. The other character of the novel is Lacey Rawlins whose family was a poor one and he decided to escape and live alone. Jimmy Blevins, a small boy who was 13 years old, did not have a family at all. These young men needed family and were unhappy. Their unfortunate family relations had great influence on their emotional and psychological state. The Theme of Nature. The author pays special attention to nature in his novel. The beauty of nature described in the book helps him to show the characters attitude to the earth, horses, wonderful landscapes, lakes and rivers and reveal the best qualities of their characters. Johns relationships with horses show the close connection between nature and all the human beings. He had a long journey which changed him as a man. He experiences love and cruelty, theft and killing, prison and the system of justice. In each situation nature helped him to survive. CONCLUSION In conclusion, I should say that Cormac McCarthys novel All the Pretty Horses is really a great literary work which can teach us to love nature, to love our country and our family. It shows us how to fight with injustice and how to survive. I think that all the themes the author conveyed in his novel are still actual for the present day life. The author could discover human nature in his novel by the examples of main characters and their attitude to horses as a part of nature.